
Quick, do you believe that smaller, leaner corporate headquarters are associated with higher performance? A recent study published in the Strategic Management Journal suggests that such a taken for granted belief may not make sense. A very insightful bit of research -
Here's the citation:
Collis D, Young D, Goold M. 2007. The size, structure and performance of corporate headquarters. Strategic Management Journal 28: 383-405
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I was recently asked to comment on whether Web 2.0 is a 'bubble' - here's what I think.
Both web 2.0 and the dot.com surge are/were driven by a common human bias: this is to over-state the implications of major societal/business/regulatory changes in the short term and to under-state them in the longer term. The dot.com era companies were, in many cases, prescient. The problem was that they did not quite factor in how long the changes would require to generate cash flows in the near term.
If you look at the statistics, a lot of the predictions made for the dot.com era have by now come true. The Web is destabilizing industries ranging from media to retail to telephony. More and more people all over the world are buying via e-commerce. I believe something like 30% of retail transactions have some e-commerce aspect to them (whether it is searching or getting information as well as actually ordering on line). Efficient markets for everything from the stuff in your closet (eBay) to obscure sound tracks (ITunes and other sites) and even your mate (think match.com) have been facilitated by the Web. It just took 13 years, not 3, for the changes anticipated to become a reality.
The other big myth is that first-mover advantage will go to the biggest and earliest entrant. We found it wasn’t true in the Dot.com era (think Value America or WebVan), and I predict it won’t be true in the social networking/YouTube/Myspace era either. The extent to which a model is sticky is vastly over-estimated in my opinion. If all my friends are on Myspace and I go there because of that, what happens when they all move to another place? What’s to prevent them? More importantly, what happens when a site like myspace is
...so yesterday, my kid sister is on that...
and the hunt begins for a newer cooler place to be?
A lot of the flurry over web 2.0 is simply the realization of the power of the Internet and the maturing of some business models (eg, advertising based models) that were NOT foreseen during the dot.com era. Indeed, remember when everyone was so hot on eyeballs but nobody knew why? My poster child on this one is the $780 million Excite@home paid for Blue Mountain Arts, a free greeting card site that had 54 million unique subscribers, but no revenue model. Well, we’ve now found the revenue model and it is advertising. Excite had to sell the site for a humiliating $25 million a short time later to American Greetings. Today, it’s Provide Commerce selling roses to go with the cards that is racking it in, affiliated with the Blue Mountain site.
So what you are seeing now is a resurgence of investment and interest because the Internet-based revenue model (like the TV and radio models that came before it) promise to redirect the billions companies spend on advertising to where users are actually spending time.
Will it have some bubble like features? Absolutely. This unfortunately seems to be how we learn as a society about new business models in a major way. Bubbles have accompanied just about every major technological transition in our economy. Are there some differences between the dot.com era and now? Yes.
Some differences:
There is more emphasis today on having a revenue model and something to actually sell
More and more young companies are building up to be bought out, rather than to go IPO. This means that they are targeting a useful innovation for another company (like Google) rather than trying to lure investors into a big-bang IPO.
There is a bit more maturity about the whole Web phenomenon and investors are looking more for the fundamentals.
Many smaller businesses can now be started for a song, so the downside is lower if they fail.
Are there some dangerous similarities we should be alert to? You betcha
Waaaaay too much money sloshing around looking for a home. When $50 billion companies are in play by hedge funds and private equity investment firms, you know that some big investors, desperate for higher returns, are going to start getting a little careless about their investment standards just to get/keep the deals flowing. That behavior feeds a bubble in almost all cases.
This has the effect, counter-intuitively, on making normal M&A too expensive for normal companies. What that does is begin to put a premium on organic innovation (growth from within through corporate venturing) as well as smaller acquisitions to create new capabilities for established companies.
While all of this works as long as the party continues, once we start to see some of those debt-ridden large companies stall in the market or there is more regulation of these investment vehicles or interest rates come up, or risk appetites sharply drop, it’s like a game of musical chairs – the last investor standing will be dealing with a sharp loss of value.
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Our colleague, Walter Derzko gives some interesting insights into why good ideas don't get results - see his blog at -
http://smarteconomy.typepad.com/smart_economy/2007/02/why_good_ideas_.html
With respect to innovation, one study suggests that you need 3,000 ideas to get one commercial launch - see this article: Stevens, G.A., J. Burley. 1997. 3000 raw ideas - 11 commercial success! Research Technology Management 40(3) 16-27.
In a recent study my colleague Thomas Keil and I have just finished, we found that very different management processes are needed to make sure that outcomes other than launch result in good ideas getting circulated in a company.
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I heard a fascinating statistic the other day that really should give all of us pause. It seems that 2/3 of all jobs in America require a college education, yet only 1/3 of the potentially eligible population goes to college in this country. Either we are going to have to drastically ramp up our numbers enrolled, or we will face an even more serious skills crunch than we already have for employees with sufficient skills to work in our new economy. That was really interesting.
Another issue that I don't think we have grappled with very well is the fact that as the economic basis of our businesses change, the skills we need to deploy change as well -- and yet we make few provisions for upgrading skills throughout the life of an employee, consistently and on a planned basis.
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So XM and Sirius satellite radio have announced that they are finally going to merge. We called that one years ago! What the two have been doing is engaging in a competitive war of attrition that is guaranteed to end with one killing the other off, or in a desperate bid to avoid the ultimate game of competitive chicken, a merger such as the one proposed.
What is fascinating is how companies get themselves into these situations over and over again. Almost the exact same scenario played out years ago with British Satellite Broadcasting and Rupert Murdoch's Sky TV satellite network. The two went head-to-head with incompatible systems, losing millions of pounds each month, until a merger deal was finally forged, combining the two into B Sky B.
Or what about the 3G debacle in the telecommunications markets? Same idea.
The assumptions underlying such 'war of attrition' situations are similar. One party believes that if they can just outlast the other, they will have a monopoly hold on a major market, which will make it all worthwhile in the end. Or, conversely, they believe that eventually their superior product, business model, customer service, whatever, will swing enough customers their way that they will prevail. Not usually true.
In class, we play a game in which we auction off a dollar - the winner gets the dollar, while the loser has to pay the winner. With competitive pressure behind them, I've been able to sell that dollar off for $2, $3 or even more. Savvy managers, though, stop before they get sucked into that situation.
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